• Nationally, students in their pre-clerkship years have been abruptly transitioned to a mostly or entirely virtual educational experience. In this research study, we explored the impacts of this radical and sudden change on medical student well-being.

• How does the COVID-19 pandemic affect this already staggeringly high burn-out rate? To our knowledge, this question has not been thoroughly explored in the literature.

• We hypothesized that the sudden changes in medical education—including the loss of many timed and anticipated traditions, such as physical exam sessions, shadowing, and preceptorships— may potentially have negative effects on the mental health of medical students.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a risk factor for both atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL). Non-pulmonary triggershave been described in patients with OSA.

Patients suffering with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation refractory to antiarrythmic medications are commonly treated with catheter radiofrequency-ablation. The most common location for ablation for AF would be the pulmonary veins as it approaches the left atrium. This has been the conventional ablation site. Another catheter based technique known has Posterior Wall Isolation (PWI), is also routinely used. Here, the posterior wall of the left atrium is ablated. PWI has shown mild efficacy in reducing recurrence rates of AF in patients without OSA. There has been work looking at the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in patients with OSA. Following a review of the literature, we found that radiofrequency ablation was less effective in reducing recurrence of AF in OSA patients compared to control. There appeared to be a two-way relationship, however, where a return to sinus rhythm following catheter ablation, led to a decreased median AHI score or severity of sleep apnea.

In this study, we hoped to replicate these findings, looking at the recurrence of AF and AFL in OSA patients compared to controlusing the conventional pulmonary vein ablation site. We also wanted to compare the efficacy of posterior wall isolation inpatients with sleep apnea, compared to control in patients who have Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.

Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) is a commonly used method for intracranial monitoring in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Depth electrodes are inserted to localize seizure onset zones and map epileptic and neural networks in order to plan further therapeutic surgeries such as resection or neuromodulation.

Due to the placement of SEEG electrodes in deep brain structures, accuracy is important to ensure the intended areas are sampled and to minimize complications. Various methods exist for placement, and can be broadly classified into frameless and frame-based methods. The former includes roboticassisted insertion and frameless navigation guidance systems, and the latter most commonly includes Leksell and CRW frame-based insertion. Despite the widespread use of these techniques, a recent meta-analysis was unable to find superiority of one method over the others.

We aimed to compare the accuracy, precision, and safety of these methods. We hypothesized that frame-based insertion would be more accurate and precise as compared to frameless insertion, with equal safety profiles for the two techniques.