Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

Memory is reliably enhanced for information read aloud compared with information read silentlythe production effect.Three preregistered experiments examined whether the production effect arises from a time-consuming recollective processoperating at test that benefits items that were produced at study. To accomplish this, participants were required to respondwithin a short deadline under the assumption that a time-consuming recollective process would be less able to operatewhen less time is available. If so, the production effect under speeded responding instructions should be reduced relativeto a standard nonspeeded condition. Results generally supported this prediction. However, even under speeded respondinginstructions, there was a robust production effect, potentially suggesting that other, more rapid, processes also contributeto the production effect.