University of California Institute of Transportation Studies

Given that small fleets (defined as those with 20 or fewer vehicles) represent a considerable portion of the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) sector, understanding their perspectives, along with those of large fleets, on zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) and related policies is crucial for achieving the U.S. HDV sector’s ZEV transition goals. However, research focusing on small fleets or comparing both segments has been limited. Focusing on California’s drayage sector with stringent ZEV transition targets, this study investigates the awareness and perceptions of small and large fleet operators on ZEV technologies and policies established to promote ZEV adoption. Using a fleet survey, we obtained 71 responses from both small and large fleets. We employed a comprehensive exploratory approach, utilizing descriptive analysis, hypothesis testing, and thematic analysis. Findings reveal that both segments generally rated their ZEV knowledge as close to neutral, with about a third reporting limited awareness of the ZEV policy. Both segments highlighted various adoption barriers, including challenges with infrastructure, costs, and operational compatibility. Business strategies under the ZEV policy differed significantly: small fleets planned to delay or avoid ZEV procurement, with some considering relocation, while large fleets were more proactive, with many already having procured or preparing to procure ZEVs. Both segments voiced concerns about the disproportionate impact on small fleets. The findings enhance our understanding of equity issues in ZEV adoption across fleet segments and offer valuable insights for policymakers committed to a more equitable distribution of the impacts.