UC Santa Barbara

The characterization of cultures as independent-interdependent and individualistic-collectivistic has provided the foundation for a tremendous amount of research which has revealed the strong influence of culture on psychological processes. Recent years have witnessed an effort by researchers to develop finer-grained distinctions within these overarching cultural dimensions. In line with this work, and inspired by the theoretical model laid out by Campos and Kim (2017), which distinguished between Harmony Collectivism, more common among East Asian populations, and Convivial Collectivism, more common among Latin American populations, the present research was conducted to develop and validate the Harmony and Convivial Collectivism Scale (HCCS). A preliminary pilot study involved a survey in Mechanical Turk (N = 97) and several rounds of expert focus groups. Study 2 (N = 220) used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a large sample of undergraduates and found best fit for a three-factor, 13-item model (Harmony, Convivial-Recognition, Convivial-Display). Study 3 (N = 330) confirmed the 3-factor structure through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. Additionally, Study 3 used the entire data set to examine cultural mean differences on the factors between Asian-Americans, Latino-Americans, and European-Americans.