UC Davis

STUDY DESIGN: Narrative Review. OBJECTIVES: We aim to investigate the integration and impact of enabling technologies, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, navigation, robotics, and artificial intelligence within the domain of spinal surgery. METHODS: We made a literature review for articles that examined the progression of adoption from initial to subsequent adopters. We also analysed the key determinants that influence adopting these technologies into clinical settings. These include cost-effectiveness, ease of integration, patient acceptance, learning curves, and availability of training resources. Based on the available data a suggestion has been made on the adoption framework for clinical utility. RESULTS: These technological advancements have the potential to transform surgical practice, offering improved precision and efficiency. The journey toward widespread adoption presents challenges, which include the financial implications, the necessity for specialized training, and the complexities associated with integration. To navigate these hurdles, the study proposes recommendations aimed at improving cost efficiency, streamlining technology integration, investing in professional development, and nurturing a culture of innovation and research. CONCLUSIONS: A framework has been established for the evaluation and integration of state-of-the-art technologies in spinal surgery, thereby maximizing their potential impact on surgical outcomes and patient welfare.