UC Berkeley

BACKGROUND: Existing evidence indicates that Muslim minorities underutilize mental health services despite a pressing need. Employing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study seeks to explore considerations that influence mental health help-seeking by Muslims residing in California and Israel. METHODS: A qualitative approach involving semi-structured interviews guided by the TPB principles was implemented with 78 Muslim participants. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes. RESULTS: Employing both deductive and inductive approaches, four major themes were identified: attitudes (advantages, disadvantages, and the influence of religiosity), subjective norms (the impact of significant others), perceived behavioral control (facilitators and challenges), and intentions toward seeking mental health support (influenced by gender, and prior experience). Common social and cultural norms were identified in both groups within the patterns of the TPB. The familys significance as a supportive resource emerged in both groups, but the extended family had a more profound impact among Muslims in Israel. Stigma as a barrier against seeking mental health help was stronger among Muslims in Israel, while financial barriers and socio-political context were highlighted more by Californian Muslims. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlighted the importance of adopting a holistic approach to mental health help-seeking among Muslims due to commonalities in approaches, irrespective of geographical differences. Variance between the two groups primarily stemmed from social factors, particularly stigma and the influence of extended family. The results underscore the universality of common aspects and emphasize the importance of addressing social norms and socio-economic realities to enhance engagement among Muslims in both countries.