K-12 Racial Disparities in School Discipline
Parent: The Civil Rights Project / Proyecto Derechos Civiles
eScholarship stats: History by Item for December, 2024 through March, 2025
| Item | Title | Total requests | 2025-03 | 2025-02 | 2025-01 | 2024-12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2t36g571 | Are We Closing the School Discipline Gap? | 445 | 140 | 116 | 112 | 77 |
| 7hm2456z | Lost Opportunities: How Disparate School Discipline Continues to Drive Differences in the Opportunity to Learn | 405 | 120 | 109 | 48 | 128 |
| 8fh0s5dv | Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis | 379 | 104 | 98 | 68 | 109 |
| 3g36n0c3 | Opportunities Suspended: The Disparate Impact of Disciplinary Exclusion from School | 360 | 120 | 92 | 54 | 94 |
| 8pd0s08z | Out of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools | 278 | 76 | 82 | 42 | 78 |
| 7td9r8gq | Lost Instruction Time in California Schools: The Disparate Harm from Post-Pandemic Punitive Suspensions | 267 | 32 | 18 | 128 | 89 |
| 9rw655w8 | Disturbing Inequities: Exploring the Relationship Between Racial Disparities in Special Education Identification and Discipline | 231 | 78 | 68 | 36 | 49 |
| 6kw7w8s8 | Dignity, Disparity and Desistance: Effective Restorative Justice Strategies to Plug the "School-to-Prison Pipeline" | 168 | 54 | 52 | 26 | 36 |
| 4pw0d5n8 | Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences | 144 | 48 | 30 | 30 | 36 |
| 85m2m6sj | The High Cost Of Harsh Discipline And Its Disparate Impact | 130 | 27 | 53 | 28 | 22 |
| 8mv1z75k | Reconsidering the Alternatives: The Relationship between Suspension, Disciplinary Alternative School Placement, Subsequent Juvenile Detention, and the Salience of Race | 105 | 26 | 31 | 18 | 30 |
| 65x5j31h | Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Review | 100 | 25 | 25 | 31 | 19 |
| 7zc0c135 | The Economic Effects of Exclusionary Discipline on Grade Retention and High School Dropout | 92 | 24 | 22 | 20 | 26 |
| 8kr718bx | Unmasking School Discipline Disparities in California: What the 2019-2020 Data Can Tell Us About Problems and Progress | 82 | 25 | 16 | 28 | 13 |
| 2mx8c60x | What Conditions Jeopardize and Support Safety in Urban Schools? The Influence of Community Characteristics, School Composition and School Organizational Practices on Student and Teacher Reports of Safety in Chicago | 74 | 17 | 21 | 14 | 22 |
| 5wh4x276 | Lost Instruction: The Disparate Impact of the School Discipline Gap in California | 70 | 24 | 18 | 18 | 10 |
| 2pw440h5 | Disabling Inequity: The Urgent Need for Race-Conscious Resource Remedies | 67 | 14 | 19 | 13 | 21 |
| 4sq993qd | Sent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade | 66 | 9 | 18 | 23 | 16 |
| 0d4807x3 | Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Subsequent Outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 | 65 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 12 |
| 99v051v1 | Opportunities Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline | 64 | 21 | 8 | 18 | 17 |
| 1x66c4n2 | Is California Doing Enough to Close the School Discipline Gap? | 62 | 18 | 15 | 6 | 23 |
| 6n84676s | Reducing Suspension among Academically Disengaged Black Males | 53 | 20 | 7 | 12 | 14 |
| 7xv434vq | Update to Lost Instruction Time in California Schools | 53 | 7 | 10 | 22 | 14 |
| 0x36s2wf | The Hidden Cost of California's Harsh School Discipline | 50 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 9 |
| 9d19p8wt | The Striking Outlier: The Persistent, Painful and Problematic Practice of Corporal Punishment in Schools | 47 | 20 | 12 | 7 | 8 |
| 2d18x1jb | Making Education Work for Latinas in the U.S. | 46 | 20 | 11 | 9 | 6 |
| 35z7c5sh | The Effectiveness of School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports for Reducing Racially Inequitable Disciplinary Exclusions in Middle Schools | 39 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 7 |
| 46c8z6z2 | A Mixed Methods Approach Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline | 39 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 9 |
| 8cj0n19m | The Economic Burden of High School Dropouts and School Suspensions in Florida | 36 | 9 | 14 | 8 | 5 |
| 65w0k9tm | Closing the School Discipline Gap in California: Signs of Progress | 35 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 8 |
| 9148d09q | Suspended Education in California | 34 | 13 | 12 | 3 | 6 |
| 0c39d30h | Researchers Responses to Critiques of Our Study, "Charter Schools, Civil Rights and School Discipline: A Comprehensive Report." | 32 | 10 | 16 | 3 | 3 |
| 0wq1s982 | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data for Students with Disabilities | 32 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 6 |
| 2x35t1tf | Discipline and Participation: The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth | 32 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 5 |
| 18h2929c | Student Threat Assessment as a Method of Reducing Student Suspensions | 30 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| 5437259j | Nationwide Survey of State Education Agencies’ Online School Disciplinary Data | 30 | 13 | 9 | 4 | 4 |
| 8fb9x11w | The Costs of High School Failure and School Suspensions for the State of California | 30 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 6 |
| 80x0r63x | The Promise of a Teacher Professional Development Program in Reducing the Racial Disparity in Classroom Exclusionary Discipline | 29 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 5 |
| 9dh9k3bq | Where Should We Intervene? Contributions of Behavior, Student, and School Characteristics to Suspension and Expulsion | 27 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 7wc935jg | Towards Identifying School-level Factors Reducing Disciplinary Exclusions of American Indian/Alaska Native Students | 25 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| 8855x4xk | Examining Disproportionality in School Discipline Practices for Native American Students in Canadian Schools Implementing PBIS | 19 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 5 |
| 50b4g9h1 | The Unequal Impact of Suspension on the Opportunity to Learn in CA | 14 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| 3687h8gz | Keeping California's Kids in School | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 2qw5d0rg | Avoid Simple Solutions and Quick Fixes: Lessons Learned from a Comprehensive Districtwide Approach to Improving Conditions for Learning | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 4tx3p7tk | Suspended Education in Massachusetts: Using Days of Lost Instruction Due to Suspension to Evaluate Our Schools | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Note: Due to the evolving nature of web traffic, the data presented here should be considered approximate and subject to revision. Learn more.