© 2015 Keedy et al.Proteins must move between different conformations of their native ensemble to perform their functions. Crystal structures obtained from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data reflect this heterogeneity as a spatial and temporal conforma

Protein function often depends on the exchange between conformational substates. Allosteric ligand binding or distal mutations can stabilize specific active-site conformations and consequently alter protein function. Observing alternative conformations at

Background: Couples-based HIV counseling and testing (CHCT) is a proven strategy to reduce the risk of HIV transmission between partners, but uptake of CHCT is low. We describe the study design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to increase parti

Higher atmospheric concentrations of methane are found in air samples from urban locations than in contemporary samples at the same latitude in remote locations. Higher concentrations of several trace chlorocarbon gases are also found in the same urban samples than in the corresponding remote samples. The “urban excess”, i.e. urban concentration minus remote concentration, is generally 1000 to 2000 times larger on a molar basis for CH4 than for CCl3F. Because almost all CCl3F is emitted in urban environments, the urban release of CH4 is estimated from the observed molar ratios to be 30 to 60 megatons per year world‐wide. The fraction of world‐wide methane release occurring in the urban environment can be estimated from the concentration ratios, urban to remote, for CH4 vs. CCl3F. About 8% to 15% of the atmospheric methane release is observed to occur in urban locations. Copyright 1984 by the American Geophysical Union.