The gyrokinetic toroidal code has been upgraded for global simulations by coupling the core and scrape-off layer regions across the separatrix with field-aligned particle-grid interpolations. A fully kinetic particle pusher for high frequency waves (ion cyclotron frequency and beyond) and a guiding center pusher for low frequency waves have been implemented using cylindrical coordinates in a global toroidal geometry. The two integrators correctly capture the particle orbits and agree well with each other, conserving energy and canonical angular momentum. As a verification and application of this new capability, ion guiding center simulations have been carried out to study ion orbit losses at the edge of the DIII-D tokamak for single null magnetic separatrix discharges. The ion loss conditions are examined as a function of the pitch angle for cases without and with a radial electric field. The simulations show good agreement with past theoretical results and with the experimentally observed feature in which high energy ions flow out along the ion drift orbits and then hit the divertor plates. A measure of the ion direct orbit loss fraction shows that the loss fraction increases with the ion energy for DIII-D in the initial velocity space. Finally, as a further verification of the capability of the new code, self-consistent simulations of zonal flows in the core region of the DIII-D tokamak were carried out. All DIII-D simulations were performed in the absence of turbulence.

© 2015 The Author(s).Cancer-associated somatic mutations outside protein-coding regions remain largely unexplored. Analyses of the TERT locus have indicated that non-coding regulatory mutations can be more frequent than previously suspected and play import

BACKGROUND: Objective was to evaluate and refine a new instrument for paediatric cancer symptom screening named the Symptom Screening in Pediatrics Tool (SSPedi). METHODS: Respondents were children 8-18 years of age undergoing active cancer treatment and p

Although uncommon, kwashiorkor continues to occurin developed, but mainly in developing nations. It is atype of protein-calorie malnutrition that occurs in thesetting of insufficient protein intake in the presence ofsufficient caloric intake. Skin and hair changes shouldprompt a thorough dietary history and appropriatedietary intervention. We report a case of a 12-montholdgirl in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, whopresented with diffuse edema, desquamation, andirritability misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis. Thediagnosis was consistent with kwashiorkor as a resultof severe dietary restriction. The mother had placedthe child on a severely restrictive diet, consisting onlyof potatoes, gelatin, and juice as a consequence of theinability to breastfeed. Kwashiorkor is often underdiagnosedor misdiagnosed and if unrecognizedor untreated, may be devastating. This makes itimperative that physicians consider this diagnosis,recognize potential risk factors, and be prepared toaccurately assess overall nutritional status of patients.

De novo mutations affect risk for many diseases and disorders, especially those with early-onset. An example is autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Four recent whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies of ASD families revealed a handful of novel risk genes, based

© 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.The genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder involves the interplay of common and rare variants and their impact on hundreds of genes. Using exome sequencing, here we show that analysis of ra