Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a minimally invasive, light-based imaging modality which produces high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) images of biological tissues. A major focus of biophotonics research over the last 10 years is OCT-based evaluation of subepithelial laryngeal microanatomy, vocal fold vibration, and differentiation between benign and malignant disease processes of the larynx. With utility in both operative and office-based settings, OCT has potential as an adjunct diagnostic imaging modality to assist clinicians in the evaluation of normative and benign laryngeal processes and vibration parameters of the vocal cords. This chapter describes OCT-based delineation of vocal fold microanatomy, evolution of OCT technology, and OCT research to study normative anatomy, benign pathology, and functionality of the larynx.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a minimally invasive optical imaging modality which produces three-dimensional (3D) images of biological tissue. In the last 10 years, technological innovation and research in biophotonics have led to advancements in OCT-based diagnostic evaluation of head and neck anatomy and pathology. With near-histologic resolution of mucosal epithelial and subepithelial tissues, OCT has the potential for in vivo diagnosis of oral and pharyngeal lesions. This chapter focuses on OCT technology, research and clinical applications in anatomical imaging of the pharynx, and OCT-based diagnosis of benign and precancerous lesions of the oral cavity (OC) and pharynx.

Biomedical Optics in Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery gives an overview of current technology in biomedical optics relevant to the field of Otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery. It provides a comprehensive source of knowledge for researchers and active clinicians seeking information on the principles and practical use of novel diagnostic and therapeutic technology. While most books focus exclusively on laser surgery, which has been largely unchanged for the past 15 years, optical diagnostics and head and neck PDT (photodynamic therapy) are usually entirely overlooked. This book contains a basic introduction into the physics of light and its propagation, lasers and low-coherent light sources, and photon-tissue interaction in relation to therapeutic and diagnostic use. The principles of various imaging techniques are also discussed (i.e. optical coherence tomography in its variations), as well as the principles and practice of lasers for surgical use on the therapeutic side.

Need. Battery-powered Light Emitting Diode (LED) surgical headlights are necessary for improved intraoperative illumination but may be costly. Technical Solution. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost surgical headlight using a consumer-grade LED headlight and 3D-printed mount. Proof of Concept. Eighteen surgical residents performed simulation exercises that mimicked suturing in the oral cavity using both a custom prototype headlight and a commercial surgical headlight. The time required to complete the task with each headlight was recorded along with an exit survey. A second device was created based on the critiques of the first device and was tested by ten additional surgical trainees. Surgical residents completed the simulation task in 27 ± 8.6 seconds and 21 ± 5.6 seconds with the commercially available headlight and first prototype, respectively. In the second experiment, the simulation task was completed in 23 ± 11.1 and 23 ± 12.2 seconds with the commercially available headlight and second device, respectively. Survey results showed an overall positive consensus, with critiques about headband security, suggestions for smaller LED chassis, and a more robust mounting bracket. Some preferred the prototype headlight due to the wider field of illumination compared to the commercially available unit (ie, beam spread/beam angle). Next Steps. Future adjustments are required to optimize the location of the headlight and the battery to modify the weight distribution of the device. Conclusion. These findings demonstrate that our prototype models are viable alternatives to conventional surgical headlights and warrant continued optimization for broader adoption by surgeons and trainees for whom higher-cost alternatives are not an option.

A forward-view optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanning catheter has been developed based on a fiber-cantilever piezotube scanner by using a semi-resonant scan strategy for a better scan performance. A compact endoscope catheter was fabricated by using a tubular piezoelectric actuator with quartered electrodes in combination with a resonant fiber cantilever. A cantilever weight was attached to the fiber cantilever to reduce the resonance frequency down to 63 Hz, well in the desirable range for Fourier-domain OCT. The resonant-cantilever scanner was driven at semi-resonance frequencies that were well out of the resonance peak but within a range of partial resonance. This driving strategy has been found to minimize the phase difference between the two scan axes for a better scan stability against environmental perturbations as well as for a driving simplicity. By driving the two axes at slightly different frequencies, a low-order Lissajous pattern has been obtained for a 2D area scan. 3D OCT images have been successfully acquired in an acquisition time of 1.56 seconds for a tomogram volume of 2.2 x 2.2 x 2.1 mm(3). They were reconstructed without any scan calibration by extracting the scan timing from the image data. In addition, it has been found that the Lissajous scan strategy provides a means to compensate the relative axial motion of a sample for a correct imaged morphology. (C)2010 Optical Society of America

This study aims to identify the epidemiology and effects of facial fractures on return to play (RTP) in Major League Soccer (MLS) and the English Premier League (EPL). A total of 39 MLS players and 40 EPL players who sustained facial fractures from 2007 to 2019 were identified. Data on player demographics, the injury, and the impact of their injury on RTP were collected. Elbow-to-head was the most common mechanism of injury (20.3%). The most common fracture involved the nasal bone (48.3%). Most players (90%) RTP the same season. Players who sustained nasal fractures missed significantly fewer games (p < 0.001) than those who suffered other craniofacial fractures. Players treated surgically missed significantly more games (3.21 vs. 0.71, p = 0.006) and days (30.1 vs. 8.70, p = 0.002) than those managed nonoperatively. Significantly more EPL players who sustained facial fractures wore headgear upon RTP compared to MLS players (82% vs. 56%, p <0 .01). Most professional soccer players who sustain a facial fracture RTP the same season, but their recovery time can vary depending on the type of fracture, injury management, or injury severity. Our findings can help inform future craniofacial injury management as well as guidelines on player safety and fracture prevention.

We sought to evaluate the usefulness of a monthly telelecture educational series in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery for resident education and to identify potential areas for improvement. A monthly series of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery telelectures were hosted at our institution between 2016 and 2018. A web-based survey was sent to 13 residents and 7 invited faculty presenters. Resident survey questions included rating of presentation topics, interface, networking opportunities, and educational value. Faculty survey questions included satisfaction, temporal convenience, likelihood of future telelecture participation, and likelihood of telelecture series implementation at speaker's home institution. The survey response rate was 100%. All of the residents expressed satisfaction with topics presented, lecture duration, perceived enhancement of education, and overall satisfaction with the telelecture series. 46% of residents indicated that the telelecture format limited networking opportunities. 72% of faculty reported they would participate in a future telelecture, and 86% indicated interest in integrating telelectures into their home institution educational curriculum. Live virtual telelectures effectively allow experienced facial plastic surgeons to share their operative techniques and management pearls in an interactive and practical format. This is a contemporary solution to bridging knowledge gaps between expert facial plastic surgeons from all corners of the world and the next generation of surgeons.

We have developed an office-based laryngeal OCT imaging system for analyzing the cross-sectional anatomy in awake patients. Real-time in vivo imaging of human vocal cords and native vibrations of vocal folds are demonstrated.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to innovation in the way scientific advancements are disseminated and the structure of physician continuing medical education. With in-person medical conferences and meetings throughout the world impacted by travel restrictions and many geographically confined, virtual teleconferences with exceptional attendance have become an integral part of medical education. Our group has successfully produced >50 virtual educational seminars, including multiple global webinar conferences ranging between 24 and 55 h of continuous lectures each. In this special communication, we discuss some of the challenges we overcame in learning "on the job" and share key elements to successful implementation of long-format virtual teleconference events. We hope our experience will guide future online continuing medical education efforts and assist others in planning their own online initiatives.