Malassezia globosa cytochromes P450 CYP51 and CYP5218 are sterol 14α-demethylase (the target of azole antifungals) and a putative fatty acid metabolism protein (and a potential azole drug target), respectively. Lanosterol, eburicol and obtusifoliol bound to CYP51 with Kd values of 32, 23 and 28 μM, respectively, catalyzing sterol 14α-demethylation with respective turnover numbers of 1.7 min(-1), 5.6 min(-1) and 3.4 min(-1). CYP5218 bound a range of fatty acids with linoleic acid binding strongest (Kd 36 μM), although no metabolism could be detected in reconstitution assays or role in growth on lipids. Clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole and ketaminazole bound tightly to CYP51 (Kd ≤ 2 to 11 nM). In contrast, fluconazole did not bind to CYP5218, voriconazole and ketaminazole bound weakly (Kd ~107 and ~12 μM), whereas ketoconazole, clotrimazole and itraconazole bound strongest to CYP5218 (Kd ~1.6, 0.5 and 0.4 μM) indicating CYP5218 to be only a secondary target of azole antifungals. IC50 determinations confirmed M. globosa CYP51 was strongly inhibited by azole antifungals (0.15 to 0.35 μM). MIC100 studies showed itraconazole should be considered as an alternative to ketoconazole given the potency and safety profiles and the CYP51 assay system can be used in structure-activity studies in drug development.

Malassezia globosa cytochromes P450 CYP51 and CYP5218 are sterol 14α-demethylase (the target of azole antifungals) and a putative fatty acid metabolism protein (and a potential azole drug target), respectively. Lanosterol, eburicol and obtusifoliol bound to CYP51 with Kd values of 32, 23 and 28 μM, respectively, catalyzing sterol 14α-demethylation with respective turnover numbers of 1.7 min(-1), 5.6 min(-1) and 3.4 min(-1). CYP5218 bound a range of fatty acids with linoleic acid binding strongest (Kd 36 μM), although no metabolism could be detected in reconstitution assays or role in growth on lipids. Clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole and ketaminazole bound tightly to CYP51 (Kd ≤ 2 to 11 nM). In contrast, fluconazole did not bind to CYP5218, voriconazole and ketaminazole bound weakly (Kd ~107 and ~12 μM), whereas ketoconazole, clotrimazole and itraconazole bound strongest to CYP5218 (Kd ~1.6, 0.5 and 0.4 μM) indicating CYP5218 to be only a secondary target of azole antifungals. IC50 determinations confirmed M. globosa CYP51 was strongly inhibited by azole antifungals (0.15 to 0.35 μM). MIC100 studies showed itraconazole should be considered as an alternative to ketoconazole given the potency and safety profiles and the CYP51 assay system can be used in structure-activity studies in drug development.

We report the discovery of a novel dual inhibitor targeting fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51 or Erg11) and human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with improved potency against 5-LOX due to its reduction of the iron center by its phenylenediamine core. A series of potent 5-LOX inhibitors containing a phenylenediamine core, were synthesized that exhibit nanomolar potency and >30-fold selectivity against the LOX paralogs, platelet-type 12-human lipoxygenase, reticulocyte 15-human lipoxygenase type-1, and epithelial 15-human lipoxygenase type-2, and >100-fold selectivity against ovine cyclooxygenase-1 and human cyclooxygnease-2. The phenylenediamine core was then translated into the structure of ketoconazole, a highly effective anti-fungal medication for seborrheic dermatitis, to generate a novel compound, ketaminazole. Ketaminazole was found to be a potent dual inhibitor against human 5-LOX (IC50 = 700 nM) and CYP51 (IC50 = 43 nM) in vitro. It was tested in whole blood and found to down-regulate LTB4 synthesis, displaying 45% inhibition at 10 µM. In addition, ketaminazole selectively inhibited yeast CYP51 relative to human CYP51 by 17-fold, which is greater selectivity than that of ketoconazole and could confer a therapeutic advantage. This novel dual anti-fungal/anti-inflammatory inhibitor could potentially have therapeutic uses against fungal infections that have an anti-inflammatory component.