Physical sciences and engineering doctoral programs serve as the most important conduit through which future academics are trained and prepared in these disciplines. This study examined women doctoral students' protégé-mentor relationships in Physical sciences and engineering programs. Particularly, the study examined the influence of such relationships on this group of women's academic career aspirations.

A qualitative approach and ethnographic traditions were utilized to explore women doctoral students' mentoring activities in physical sciences and engineering programs. In-depth ethnographic interviews were conducted between 25 women doctoral students and 10 faculty members from both genders from a large research university in the western region of the U.S. Data was analyzed based on both a deductive approach guided by theory and an inductive technique that reflects the themes, which emerged from the data.

The major findings of this dissertation study relate to women's experiences, challenges, and coping strategies; and shed light on the current state of protégé-mentoring relationships in physical sciences and engineering departments at one research university in the western U.S. The findings highlight the nature of the protégé-mentor interactions and the influence such relationships have on women's decisions concerning the pursuit of academic careers. Further, though unexpected at the design stage of this study, the importance of community emerged as one of the major findings. The formation of communities of support seems a rather important strategy for women doctoral students in the process of graduate school socialization; this source of support appears critical to further developing protégé-mentor relationships, increasing one's ability to publish, engage in research collaborations, and advance one's career interests. It appeared to be the most important strategy that women doctoral students utilize when they experience dysfunctional advising relationships. Many women's career related concerns and their pursuit of helpful advice were provided by a meshwork of women scientists and engineers whom they met at conferences, cross-institutional research collaborations, and through a range of diverse channels and networks. In many cases, these included those developed during their undergraduate studies.

Informal socialization was very impactful when it came to women's career decision-making process. Yet, this is the aspect of protégé-mentor relationships that has been mostly overlooked by faculty in physical sciences and engineering departments at Western Research University (WRU). Women faculty interviewed for my study were more likely to be involved in the informal socialization process to mentor women doctoral students and address work-life balance concerns. Some male faculty expressed negative attitudes toward women doctoral students' non-academic career trajectories and tended to ignore work-life balance concerns. They demonstrated these attitudes in daily interactions and research meetings with their students. This created an environment in which it was difficult for women to discuss their doubts about pursing academic careers with their faculty advisors.

This study revealed some hidden barriers that many women doctoral students face in the process of pursuing a doctorate and an academic career. These barriers took the form of implicit gender bias, complex and confusing environments for negotiating unequal treatment, dysfunctional advising, particularly in the areas of career development and work-life concerns, and subtle and covert forms of sexual harassment. Acknowledging these unique challenges that women doctoral students in physical sciences and engineering programs face is the first step to assist them, but more direct efforts also most be employed to create an environment more conducive to the success of women in science. Department faculty and academic leaders have a unique and important role to play in addressing such matters.

In Los Angeles (LA), addressing air pollution has been an ongoing challenge for many decades, with a particular focus on emissions from motor vehicles. Disadvantaged communities (DACs) in the city are confronted with a wide range of socio-economic challenges, including high levels of poverty, unemployment, and limited access to essential healthcare services. Furthermore, DAC residents are more likely to live near-roadway, which exposes them to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution, ultimately resulting in environmental inequities. Although previous studies have quantified the ambient air quality and health benefits linked to zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption to some extent, there is a crucial knowledge gap in the literature on evaluating the distribution equity of air quality and health benefits during the transition to clean vehicles from an environmental justice perspective.

In this study, we build upon the previous LA100 study, which aimed for the transition to 100% renewable energy in LA City, and introduce a new focus on Equity Strategies. This new focus aims to ensure a just transition by investigating the potential environmental and public health benefits of replacing conventional vehicles with ZEVs in the city of LA, especially among DACs. We first utilize state-of-the-art methods to estimate future emission trends under different scenarios, with a focus on ZEVs disparity among DACs. A personal trip-level transportation model is used to generate precise spatial emission patterns for the on-road sector under different ZEVs distribution scenarios. We then simulate consequent changes in ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations using a high-resolution chemical transport model at about 1 km x 1 km. Finally, we assess the related public health benefits and monetized economic benefits in the city of LA using racial and ethnic specific concentration-response data.

This new study emphasizes the importance of not only transitioning to cleaner energy sources but also ensuring that the benefits of this transition are equitably distributed among all communities, particularly those that have been historically underserved. By evaluating the potential health and economic impacts of increased ZEV adoption, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and communities as they work together to create a more sustainable and equitable future for the city of LA.