El conocimiento del mundo microbiano cada día crece, sorprendiéndonos y cuestionando los paradigmas de la Biología y la Química. Contrario a lo que solemos pensar, los microbios no viven solos sino en asociación con otros, formando en ocasiones capas tan delgadas como la punta de una aguja. Estas delgadas biopelículas están por todas partes y sus componentes son microscópicos, casi invisibles. Su estructura, diversidad y funciones son tan diversas como desconocidas; es decir, el conocimiento de las biopelículas apenas ha comenzado. Aquí hacemos un recuento de lo que estamos descubriendo y de lo que se vislumbra que está por descubrirse si estudiamos estas películas. Investigaciones recientes han revelado que las biopelículas juegan papeles clave en el equilibrio de los sistemas biológicos, por ejemplo, en los mecanismos de salud-enfermedad, ya que los causantes de las infecciones son biopelículas y no bacterias solitarias, como solíamos pensar. Es hasta ahora que empezamos a contar con los instrumentos y métodos necesarios para saber cuáles microbios están involucrados y qué composición química tienen las películas “babosas” que cubren alimentos y materiales. La participación de los microbios en las biopelículas es un tema creciente que impactará el desarrollo tecnológico en áreas como la biorremediación, la producción de energía y la terraformación o colonización de hábitats inhóspitos.

Maritime Antarctica has shown the highest increase in temperature in the Southern Hemisphere. Under this scenario, biogeochemical cycles may be altered, resulting in rapid environmental change for Antarctic biota. Microbes that drive biogeochemical cycles often form biofilms or microbial mats in continental meltwater environments. Limnetic microbial mats from the Fildes Peninsula were studied using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mat samples were collected from 15 meltwater stream sites, comprising a natural gradient from ultraoligotrophic glacier flows to meltwater streams exposed to anthropogenic activities. Our analyses show that microbial community structure differences between mats are explained by environmental NH4+, NO3-, DIN, soluble reactive silicon and conductivity. Microbial mats living under ultraoligotrophic meltwater conditions did not exhibit a dominance of cyanobacterial photoautotrophs, as has been documented for other Antarctic limnetic microbial mats. Instead, ultraoligotrophic mat communities were characterized by the presence of microbes recognized as heterotrophs and photoheterotrophs. This suggests that microbial capabilities for recycling organic matter may be a key factor to dwell in ultra-low nutrient conditions. Our analyses show that phylotype level assemblages exhibit coupled distribution patterns in environmental oligotrophic inland waters. The evaluation of these microbes suggests the relevance of reproductive and structural strategies to pioneer these psychrophilic ultraoligotrophic environments.

The objective of this study is to identify and analyze integrons and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in samples collected from diverse sites in terrestrial Antarctica. Integrons were studied using two independent methods. One involved the construction and analysis of intI gene amplicon libraries. In addition, we sequenced 17 metagenomes of microbial mats and soil by high-throughput sequencing and analyzed these data using the IntegronFinder program. As expected, the metagenomic analysis allowed for the identification of novel predicted intI integrases and gene cassettes (GCs), which mostly encode unknown functions. However, some intI genes are similar to sequences previously identified by amplicon library analysis in soil samples collected from non-Antarctic sites. ARGs were analyzed in the metagenomes using ABRIcate with CARD database and verified if these genes could be classified as GCs by IntegronFinder. We identified 53 ARGs in 15 metagenomes, but only four were classified as GCs, one in MTG12 metagenome (Continental Antarctica), encoding an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AAC(6´)acetyltransferase) and the other three in CS1 metagenome (Maritime Antarctica). One of these genes encodes a class D β-lactamase (blaOXA-205) and the other two are located in the same contig. One is part of a gene encoding the first 76 amino acids of aminoglycoside adenyltransferase (aadA6), and the other is a qacG2 gene.