Outside Greenland, many believe that the Greenlandic name for Greenland means “Land of the People.” However, the Greenlandic word for human being or person is inuk (plural: inuit), and Greenland is called Kalaallit Nunaat not Inuit Nunaat. Kalaallit is the West Greenlandic term for modern-day Greenlanders who trace their ancestry along two lines: to the Inuit in the West and the Scandinavians in the East. During the first half of the twentieth century, this mixed ancestry was an important argument for the Greenlandic claim for recognition and equality. This article examines a literary source, Pavia Petersen’s 1944 novel, Niuvertorutsip pania (The outpost manager’s daughter). The novel’s female protagonist, who is of mixed ancestry, is staged as a national symbol for modern Greenland, a country that appropriates European culture while remaining Greenlandic. After the end of the colonial period, the Inuit legacy and Greenlanders’ status as an Indigenous people became important drivers of the Greenlandic claim for independence. In present-day Greenlandic film and literature, Danes are often left out of the story entirely, delegitimizing much of society’s genetic and cultural legacy. Naturally, this poses a problem for the Greenlanders who not only number Europeans among their remote ancestors but also live with a dual identity, with one Danish and one Greenlandic parent. This article illustrates that the notion of “mixed-breed” or “half” Greenlanders is currently regarded with such ambivalent feelings because it accentuates unresolved tensions among the ethnic groups, including the continued dominance of the outdated (colonial) affective economies in Danish-Greenlandic relations.

Rapid decentralization of population and employment over the past several decades has chipped away at the American transit industry's market share. This paper examines the implications of decentralization on the ridership, operating performance, and fiscal health of the nation's largest transit operators. Based on the results of a national survey, a number of service strategies are explored that offer hope for reversing transit's decline, including: timed-transfers, paratransit services, reverse commute and specialized runs, employer-sponsored vanpools, and HOV/dedicated busway facilities. Land-use options, like traditional neighborhood designs and transit-based housing, are also examined. The paper ends with a discussion of various institutional, pricing, and organizational considerations when implementing service reforms and land-use initiatives. Century-old models involving joint public-private development of communities and transit facilities, it is argued, also deserve reconsideration.

This dissertation explores the racialized politics of crime control in Sweden and the impact of the policing practices they justify on Afro-Swedish communities. Drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork alongside Afro-Swedish activists, organizers, and engaged community members, I examine how Black life is policed in Sweden. Employing a qualitative mixed-methods approach, I ask three related questions: 1) how people of African descent are targeted by Swedish politics of crime control? 2) how racialized policing practices manifest in the lives of Black people in Sweden? and 3) how Afro-Swedes organize against punitive policing and other forms of racialized subordination? I illustrate how Black spaces are policed, surveilled, and contained through increasingly repressive, militarized, and privatized policing practices targeting Sweden’s urban peripheries, how Black bodies are disciplined for transgressing racial boundaries, and how Nordic exceptionalism is weaponized to repress Black activism and community organizing. I also highlight how Afro-Swedes mobilize against their subjugation through everyday activism, community organizing, and the carving out of politically and socially insubordinate spaces for the nurturing of dignity, creative expression, and belonging. As such, the mobilizations under the banner of the Black Lives Matter movement must be understood within the larger context of Afro-Swedish organizing, as well as the decades-long social, economic, and political developments that have culminated in the aggressive over-policing of communities of color. Furthermore, I argue that Black life is hyper-policed in Sweden not because of the failures of the welfare state, but because the welfare state relies on a racial welfare order wherein the well-being of some depends on the subjugation of others.

In this dissertation, we have employed a multi-faceted approach, combing well-controlled synthesis techniques, a variety of characterization techniques and Density Functional Theory calculations to optimize important heterogenous catalytic and photocatalytic process. The efforts were to investigate the supports effects on atomically dispersed metal electronic state, metal structure and pulsed illumination on methanol carbonylation, ethylene hydroformylation and methanol decomposition. In the first work, we successfully synthesize atomically dispersed Rh on a various of supports for ethylene hydroformylation. We utilized a combination of a series of characterization techniques and density functional theory calculations to illustrate that supports influence on the Rh electronic states resulting in different reaction barriers. This work demonstrates that the role of supports on atomically dispersed metal for ethylene hydroformylation and provides insights into how the electronic state of atomically dispersed metals can be controlled by the supports to drive important catalytic hydroformylation process. In the second part of this work, we research how the metal structure influences on methanol carbonylation reactivity and selectivity. We hypothesized that a pair-site catalyst consisting of a Lewis acid site and an atomically dispersed Rh site could more selectively drive methanol carbonylation than Rh cluster through a mechanism where CO coordinated to Rh and methanol dissociated on the acid site to enable CO insertion at the interface. Through qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques including CO probe molecule FTIR and NH3-TPD along with rigorous kinetic measurements of methanol carbonylation reactivity, it was shown that atomically dispersed Rh species selectively promoted the AA formation, while Rh clusters unselectively decomposed methanol into CO/CO2. Further, decreasing the concentration of support acid sites reduced the rate of dimethyl ether (DME, the primary byproduct) formation. This work demonstrates how atomically dispersed Rh, support engineering, and active site pairing can be used to control selectivity in methanol carbonylation process. Additionally, effort was placed on more deeply understanding the role of Lewis acid sites in this process and developing approaches that minimize byproduct DME formation. We hypothesized that the formation of isolated Lewis’s acid sites on an inert oxide support could decrease the rate of DME formation, by minimizing the possibility of surface dimerization reactions. It is well known that isolated Rhenium oxide (ReOx) species can be formed on oxide supports and that they exhibit strong acidic sites. The structures of ReOx were characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, STEM, and XAS. Reactivity measurements surprisingly showed that atomically dispersed ReO4 species on SiO2 showed high selectivity (more than 93%) and rates of AA formation, while ReOx clusters were primarily selective for DME formation. With optimization of atomically dispersed ReOx species weight loading, and total catalyst loading in the reactor, methanol conversions > 60% with > 93% selectivity to AA were observed with stable performance over 60 hours. This is the best AA yield in a single pass heterogeneous catalytic system operating in a halide free process with industrially reasonable CO:methanol feed ratios that we are aware of. This work introduces a new class of promising heterogeneous catalysts based on atomically dispersed ReO4 on inert supports for alcohol carbonylation. We further modified the ReOx/SiO2 catalyst with Rh, forming atomically dispersed Rh-ReOx pair sites, which further promoted AA production rates 10-fold and AA selectivity to >96%, resulting in volumetric AA production rates comparable to homogeneous processes. At last, photon illumination was utilized to promote reaction rate and selectivity through transient charge transfer to adsorbed species. In this project, we demonstrate that illumination of 2 nm diameter Pt nanoparticle catalysts with pulsed visible light enhances time-averaged rates of H2 production via methanol decomposition compared with static illumination. Our results suggest that using light pulses to dynamically control the energetics of elementary steps on catalytic surfaces may enable higher activity or selectivity than is possible with static illumination or dictated by linear free energy scaling relations.

Our primary goal is to develop and analyze a dynamic economic model that takes into account several sources of information-based trade the markets for a stock and options on that stock and that ultimately accounts for salient features of stock price data, including serial correlation in stock trades, serial correlation in squared stock price changes (stochastic volatility), and more persistent serial correlation in stock trades than in squared stock price changes. We derive the dynamic relationships among the stock, the call option, and the put option and capture the leverage effect offered by options. We derive consistency results for the learning process and the convergence of an asset™s quotes to the asset™s true value. We also derive closed-form analytic results for expected calendar period price changes and trades, and we examine calendar period serial correlation properties of squared price changes and trades.

This dissertation will focus on various aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondence. Each new result can be thought of as doing at least one of three things: 1) providing support of the duality, 2) using the duality to learn about quantum gravity, and 3) helping to further develop our understanding of the duality. The dissertation is divided into two parts, each dealing with a different physical system.

In the first part, we derive universal results for near conformal systems, which we have perturbed. In order to do this, we start by looking at the conformal correlation functions and compute the corrections that arise when he hit the system with a new operator. We were able to analyze what happens to the dual gravitational system under such circumstances and see that our answers agree, providing support for the AdS/CFT conjecture. These universal results also provided a previously lacking interpretation of the universality of energy found in a quenching your system between the perturbed and unperturbed set-ups. In order to perform these computations, we put our CFT on a cylinder, which happens to be the boundary of global AdS. This provided an IR regulator and we found that the remaining divergences were of the same form as one expects in dimensional regularization. Following along these same lines, we further analyzed the divergence structure of correlators in conformal perturbation theory. We found that on the plane, the logarithmic divergences that show up can be understood in terms of resonant behavior in time dependent perturbation theory, for a transition between states

that is induced by an oscillatory perturbation on the cylinder.

In part two, we restrict to the set of LLM geometries, which are the set of 1/2 BPS

solutions to IIB supergravity. In our first work, we analyzed limitations of the duality, showing that boundary expectation values are not enough to determine the classical bulk geometry. Next, we used this system in order to learn about quantum gravity. We first were able to show that a quantum superposition of states with a well defined spacetime topology leads to a new state with a different topology. From this, we were able to prove that for this set of states there cannot exist a quantum topology measuring operator, bringing to doubt whether such an operator can exist in quantum gravity more generally. Finally, we were able to advance our understanding of the dictionary itself by reinterpreting these results in terms of the language of quantum error correction, showing that questions about topology perhaps only make sense within a particular (code) subspace of states.

The theories of biological folk taxonomies have been discussed in the anthropological literature since the 1960’s with several researchers such as Brent Berlin and Eugene Hunn devoting many articles and even books to the subject. Despite many examinations of the naming systems present in languages all over the Americas, there have been few, if any, works about the linguistic principles behind the two major theories of naming. This paper frames the linguistic bases for the two theories using data drawn from a corpus of Anishinaabemowin plant names and describes the linguistic basis for both Berlin’s theory of a morphological (in the biological sense) basis for a hierarchical system of naming and Hunn’s theory of use-based names. This paper will demonstrate that the theories of folk taxonomies can be greatly improved if theories of morphological (in the linguistic sense) preference are considered along with theories based in biological morphology or cultural usage.