Objective To assess the relationship between the 5 min Apgar score and developmental vulnerability at 5 years of age. Design Population-based retrospective cohort study. Setting Manitoba, Canada. Participants All children born between 1999 and 2006 at term

Background: Families are the primary source of support and care for most children. In Western societies, 4 to 12% of children live in households where a parent has a chronic illness. Exposure to early-life stressors, including parenting stress, parental de