Injection drug use is increasingly an important route of HIV transmission in Romania (from 1.5% of the newly diagnosed cases prior to 2010 to 31% in 2013). In this study we investigated the viral characteristics and relationships in newly HIV infected persons who inject drugs in Bucharest, Romania.

Results

HIV-1 pol sequencing, followed by phylogenetic and clustering analysis was performed on blood from 37 injecting drug users (IDUs) newly diagnosed with HIV infection. While HIV subtype F1, the dominant strain in Romania since 1990, remains prevalent, new subtypes were found including G, B, B/G and B/F recombinants. Overall, 27 of the available sequences (72.9%) clustered with at least one other. Network and phylogenetic analysis revealed tight monophyletic clusters for both subtypes F and G, with short genetic distances between sequences, suggesting recent numerous acute to acute transmissions or single burst-type episodes. No transmitted drug-resistance mutations were identified. Greater immunosuppression was present in subjects forming the subtype G cluster, possibly indicating a faster rate of progression associated with this subtype.

Conclusions

The recent increasing numbers of IDU related HIV transmissions in Bucharest, has resulted in closely-knit transmission networks that maychange the genetic profile of the local HIV epidemic.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to be reported even in patients with successful antiretroviral treatment. We investigated the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment and possible HIV-associated determinants of cognition in a Romanian cohort of young adults, parenterally infected with HIV during their first years of life. Two hundred fourteen treatment-experienced HIV-positive individuals [median age: 24 years, males: 48%, median duration on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART): 12 years] underwent standard immunologic and virological monitoring and antiretroviral resistance testing using pol gene sequencing in both plasma and, when available, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) paired samples. Neurocognitive impairment was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, and a global deficit score (GDS) was calculated (cutoff ≥0.5). Cognitive impairment was detected in 35% of the study participants, without any association with sex, median age, CD4 cell count (actual or nadir), CSF and plasma viral load (actual or zenith), AIDS diagnosis, duration of HIV infection, and cART characteristics. Participants carrying resistant viruses tended to be more frequently cognitively impaired (p = 0.36), with a higher median GDS value (p = 0.06) compared with participants harboring wild-type HIV, although the figures did not reach statistical significance. No signs of virological compartmentalization were observed based on CSF versus plasma viral load and on the profile of pol sequences. A moderate rate of mild neurocognitive impairment is still present in young adults with chronic HIV infection acquired in early childhood despite successful cART, without any association with classic markers of HIV infection. New biomarkers reflecting persistent central nervous system inflammation and neuronal injury may be more relevant for the development of HAND.