The purpose of this research was to develop a self-directed Galatea intervention that enables individuals to enhance their positive leadership and followership self-expectation through Associative Conditioning (AC). While traditional Galatea interventions are typically administered by a facilitator (e.g., squad leader, researcher, teacher) to enhance individuals' self-expectation through contrived verbal feedback, none of the studies have explored the plausibility of a self-directed Galatea intervention. That is, a self-directed Galatea intervention that enhances individuals’ positive self-expectations without any contrived manipulations Results across two studies (total N = 320) supported the plausibility of a self-directed Galatea intervention via AC. Study 1 (n = 160) provided evidence for a self-directed Galatea leadership intervention. Individuals in the experimental group who were conditioned to associate themselves with positive leadership schemas perceived themselves more positively as leaders than those in the control group. Additionally, individuals in the experimental group had higher leadership self-efficacy and social-normative motivation to lead than those in the control group. Study 2 (n = 160) provided evidence for a self-directed Galatea followership intervention. Individuals in the experimental group who were conditioned to associate themselves with positive followership schemas perceived themselves more positively as followers than those in the control group. Lastly, individuals in the experimental group had higher general self-efficacy and personal mastery than those in the control group. Overall, this research contributed to the leadership, followership, AC, and self-fulfilling prophecy literature, offering new insights into leadership and followership processes.

The current study explores the potential psychological explanations for the underrepresentation of Asian Americans (AAs) in management positions. Making AAs aware of their collectivist identities was expected to be related to lower leadership aspirations and intrapersonal leadership perceptions as compared to a no prime control group. Moreover, making AA leaders aware of their collectivist backgrounds was expected to be related to evaluating their followers positively according to Implicit Followership Theory. A new Social Identity Model of Organizational Followership (SIMOF) is proposed in this paper, in which AA individuals’ positive implicit followership theories are expected to be related to higher leadership aspirations and intrapersonal leadership perceptions. Two hundred ninety-nine AA undergraduates were primed with their collectivist vs. individualist cultural backgrounds and told that they would be developing a business plan with the colleagues in the room (other AAs or European Americans) based on their answers to leadership aspiration questions, intrapersonal leadership perception questions, and indirect measures of implicit followership theories. No actual business plan was created. Participants primed with their collectivist identity were more likely to have lower leadership aspirations and be more self-conscious about being a good leader than those primed with their individualist identity. Moreover, participants primed with their collectivist identities were more likely to view European American followers as worse citizens and as less industrious than AA followers. Finally, although the SIMOF was largely unsupported in this study, a relationship was found between viewing followers as enthusiastic and both leadership perception and leadership aspiration.

Pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression are common and frequently occurring symptoms in oncology patients. This symptom cluster is often attributed to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purposes of this study were to determine whether distinct latent classes of patients with breast cancer (n=398) could be identified based on their experience with this symptom cluster; determine whether patients in these latent classes differed on demographic and clinical characteristics; and to determine whether variations in cytokine genes were associated with latent class membership. Three distinct latent classes were identified: (All Low (61.0%), Low Pain and High Fatigue (31.6%), All High (7.1%)). Compared to patients in the All Low class, patients in the ALL High class were significantly younger, had less education, were more likely to be Non-White, had a lower annual income, were more likely to live alone, had a lower functional status, had a higher comorbidity score, and had more advanced disease. Significant associations were found between interleukin (IL) 6 rs2069845, IL13 rs1295686, and tumor necrosis factor alpha rs18800610 and latent class membership. Findings suggest that variations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes are associated with this symptom cluster in breast cancer patients.