Our study focused on two materials: diamond (component in exoplanets and National Ignition Facility capsules) and perovskite (predominant component of the Earth mantle). High-power, pulsed, laser-driven shock compression experiments conducted on [001] oriented single crystalline diamond reveal stacking faults, dislocations, nano-twins and amorphous bands, upon the recovery and characterization of the specimens. Three laser energy levels are applied to specimens encapsulated in impedance matched momentum traps, generating shock pressures of 69, 93, and 115 GPa at a pulse duration of approximately 1 ns. At the lowest laser energy level (generating a pressure of 69 GPa), the defect-free lattice is retained, and diamond only exhibits elastic deformation. At the highest energy level (generating a pressure of 115 GPa) defects are generated in the structure to relax the deviatoric stresses resulting from the uniaxial strain compression of the lattice. The high shear stresses are relaxed by stacking faults, dislocations, twins, and amorphous bands. These shear-induced lattice defects on crystallographic slip planes are crucial to the onset of amorphization. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the amorphous bands are extremely localized and as narrow as a few nanometers. This amorphization is consistent with other covalently bonded materials with negative Clapeyron behavior subjected to extreme loading. Consequently, shock-induced amorphization is proposed as a new deformation mechanism of diamond under extremely high strain rate deformation.Laser shock compression was employed on [010] oriented CaTiO3 under extreme pressure and temperature conditions comparable to those in the Earth’s mantle. The shear stress generated by the 70 GPa shock stress was equal to approximately 20 GPa, assuming elasticity. This is significantly higher than the Peierls-Nabarro stress required to move dislocations, around 10 GPa. TEM also revealed the generation of profuse perpendicular dislocations in [110](001) and [1 ̅10](001) slip systems. Dislocation density ranged from 15×1012 m-2 to 2×1012 m-2 within 12 µm from the shocked surface. Additionally, antiphase domain boundaries along [010] and [100] were observed under the high-pressure shock conditions. CaTiO3 deforms mainly through dislocation motion due to its positive Clapeyron slope and high atomic packing factor.