Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in ruminant manure is well reported. However, the influence of dietary manipulation on the shedding of the pathogens is not well understood. This study was conducted to improve the understanding of the relationship between dietary feed composition and pathogen shedding in dairy feces, particularly E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Twelve cows were randomly assigned to a 2 Ã 2 factorial arrangement of 2 dietary forage levels: low forage (37.4% of dry matter [DM]) vs. high forage (HF, 53.3% of DM) and two dietary crude protein (CP) levels: low protein (LP, 15.2% of DM) vs. high protein (HP, 18.5% of DM) in a 4 Ã 4 replicated Latin square design with four periods each including 15 d adaptation and 3 d sample collection. In CP treatments, significantly low concentrations of L. monocytogenes were observed from cows fed the HP (0.9-1.6 log10 cfu/g) compared to the LP diet (1.3â2.1 log10 cfu/g). Significant interaction effect was observed between dietary forage and crude protein on the presence of E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.05) but not on L. monocytogenes. On average, the highest E. coli O157:H7 concentration (6.5 log10 cfu/g of feces) was observed from the HF and HP diet and the lowest concentration was 6.2 log10cfu/g from the HF and LP diet. The average L. monocytogenes shedding was within the range of 1.8 to 2.4 log 10cfu/g among the treatments. The study showed that diet has an influence on the shedding of pathogenic bacteria in dairy excreta.

Reported estimates of CH₄ emissions from ruminants and manure management are up to 2 times higher in atmospheric top-down calculations than in bottom-up (BU) inventories. We explored this discrepancy by estimating CH₄ emissions of 2 dairy facilities in California with US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) methodology, which is used for BU inventories, and 3 independent measurement techniques: (1) open-path measurements with inverse dispersion modeling (hereafter open-path), (2) vehicle measurements with tracer flux ratio method, and (3) aircraft measurements with the closed-path method. All 3 techniques were used to estimate whole-facility CH₄ emissions during 3 to 6 d per farm in the summer of 2016. In addition, open-path was used to estimate whole-facility CH₄ emissions over 13 to 14 d per farm in the winter of 2017. Our objectives were to (1) compare whole-facility CH₄ measurements utilizing the different measurement techniques, (2) compare whole-facility CH₄ measurements to US EPA inventory methodology estimates, and (3) compare CH₄ emissions between 2 dairies. Whole-facility CH₄ estimates were similar among measurement techniques. No seasonality was detected for CH₄ emissions from animal housing, but CH₄ emissions from liquid manure storage were 3 to 6 times greater during the summer than during the winter measurement periods. The findings confirm previous studies showing that whole-facility CH₄ emissions need to be measured throughout the year to estimate and evaluate annual inventories. Open-path measurements for liquid manure storage emissions were similar to monthly US EPA estimates during the summer, but not during the winter measurement periods. However, the numerical difference was relatively small considering yearly emission estimates. Manure CH₄ emissions contributed 69 to 79% and 26 to 47% of whole-facility CH₄ emissions during the summer and winter measurement periods, respectively. Methane yields from animal housing were similar between farms (on average 20.9 g of CH₄/kg of dry matter intake), but CH₄ emissions normalized by volatile solids (VS) loading from liquid manure storage (g of CH₄ per day/kg of VS produced by all cattle per day) at 1 dairy were 1.7 and 3.5 times greater than at the other during the summer (234 vs. 137 g of CH₄/kg of VS) and winter measurement periods (78 vs. 22 g of CH₄/kg of VS), respectively. We attributed much of this difference to the proportion of manure stored in liquid (anaerobic) form, and suggest that manure management practices that reduce the amount of manure solids stored in liquid form could significantly reduce dairy CH₄ emissions.