As home to that fictional piece of real estate known as Hollywood,

the Ninth Circuit has dealt with the copyright law issue of substantial

similarity more than any other jurisdiction, yet it has not developed

useful principles for analyzing it. This article examines the history of

the Ninth Circuit's two-step test for substantial similarity in literary infringement

cases, showing how a quirk in the evolution of the test has

created a confusing and ineffectual body of law on the subject. The article

argues that the courts have underestimated the complexity of the

issue and have given too much credit to their own judgment, unaided

by expert input. The absence of a genuine understanding of the issue

has led courts to look for substantial similarity where it cannot be

found: in the individual elements of literary works. The article presents

a proposed rule to re-direct the court's inquiry from the individual

elements of the work, where copyright protection cannot be found,

to the artistic structure of the work, where it must be found if it exists at

all.