Neotropical leaf-nosed bats are an incredible example of adaptive radiation within mammals. This family of bats exhibits a wider range of dietary habits than any other mammalian family and they possess a high level of morphological variation to accommodate their dietary habits. With carnivorous, nectarivorous, frugivorous, and even sanguivorous species, they make an exceptional study system to understand patterns in the evolution of diet and morphology. In particular, the morphological spectrum between incredibly long-faced nectar specialists and very short-faced fruit specialists allows for an investigation of the limits and consequences of specialization. In Chapter 2, I outline the relationship between different measures of specialization within this family using stable isotope analysis of the hair of wild caught individuals. These stable isotope ratios are compared with morphological data from museum specimens and dietary data from previous studies. In Chapter 3, I examine biogeographic patterns in specialization within two different dietary groups to understand the limitations of specialization. Palate aspect ratio, a morphological proxy for diet, is compared between Caribbean endemic and continentally distributed frugivorous and nectarivorous bats to identify different patterns of specialization in different evolutionary contexts. Lastly, in Chapter 4 I use geometric morphometrics to examine the relationship between the shape of the cochlea, the shape of the skull, and diet within these bats. These analyses reveal a complicated network of impacts on the shape of the cochlea in this family of bats. Overall, I describe different metrics of specialization, identify different ecological consequences of specialization on different resources, and possible structural trade-offs driven by high levels of specialization under ecological and structural constraint.