Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affecting the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The OFT develops from migratory cell populations which include the cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) and secondary heart field (SHF) derived myocardium and endocardium. The related transcription factors HAND1 and HAND2 have been implicated in human CHDs involving the OFT. Although Hand1 is expressed within the OFT, Hand1 NCC-specific conditional knockout mice (H1CKOs) are viable. Here we show that these H1CKOs present a low penetrance of OFT phenotypes, whereas SHF-specific Hand1 ablation does not reveal any cardiac phenotypes. Further, HAND1 and HAND2 appear functionally redundant within the cNCCs, as a reduction/ablation of Hand2 on an NCC-specific H1CKO background causes pronounced OFT defects. Double conditional Hand1 and Hand2 NCC knockouts exhibit persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) with 100% penetrance. NCC lineage-tracing and Sema3c in situ mRNA expression reveal that Sema3c-expressing cells are mis-localized, resulting in a malformed septal bridge within the OFTs of H1CKO;H2CKO embryos. Interestingly, Hand1 and Hand2 also genetically interact within the SHF, as SHF H1CKOs on a heterozygous Hand2 background exhibit Ventricular Septal Defects (VSDs) with incomplete penetrance. Previously, we identified a BMP, HAND2, and GATA-dependent Hand1 OFT enhancer sufficient to drive reporter gene expression within the nascent OFT and aorta. Using these transcription inputs as a probe, we identify a novel Hand2 OFT enhancer, suggesting that a conserved BMP-GATA dependent mechanism transcriptionally regulates both HAND factors. These findings support the hypothesis that HAND factors interpret BMP signaling within the cNCCs to cooperatively coordinate OFT morphogenesis.

The multizinc finger transcription factor Sall1 is a critical developmental regulator that mediates repression through the recruitment of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Although a short conserved peptide motif in Sall1 is sufficient to recruit NuRD, its ability to regulate native Sall1 target genes in vivo has not been demonstrated. In this report, we demonstrate an in vivo role for the Sall1 repression motif and describe a novel direct target gene of Sall1, Gbx2, that is directly repressed in a NuRD-dependent fashion. The ability of Sall1 to repress Gbx2 was impaired in Xenopus embryos expressing mutant forms of Sall1 that are defective for NuRD binding. Finally, we demonstrate that protein kinase C phosphorylates serine 2 of the Sall1 repression motif and reveal that a phosphomimetic mutation of serine 2 disrupts the ability of Sall1 to repress Gbx2 in cell culture and Xenopus embryos. Together, these studies establish that Sall1 recruits NuRD via the Sall1 repression motif to mediate repression of a native target gene and suggest a model in which dynamic control of gene expression by Sall1 is modulated by serine phosphorylation of the Sall1 repression motif.