Purpose

This study aimed to determine individual- and partner-level factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated men.

Methods

A total of 747 men, aged 13-26 years, completed a survey of sexual behaviors and were tested for genital and perianal/anal HPV (36 types). Sexual network variables included recent and lifetime concurrency (being in more than one sexual relationship at the same time) and recent sex partner discordance (by race, ethnicity, age, and number of sexual partners). We determined individual-level and sexual network variables associated with ≥1 HPV type and HPV16/18, stratified by vaccination status, using separate multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Participants' mean age was 21.2 years; 64% were positive for ≥1 HPV type and 21% for HPV16/18. Factors associated with ≥1 HPV type in unvaccinated men included recruitment site and lifetime concurrency. Factors associated with ≥1 HPV type among vaccinated men included recruitment site, Chlamydia history, main male partner, number of lifetime female partners, and no condom use with female partner. Factors associated with HPV16/18 in unvaccinated men included race and partner concurrency. Factors associated with HPV16/18 in vaccinated men included ethnicity, main male partner, and recent concurrency.

Conclusions

Sexual network variables associated with HPV infection were different based on vaccination status and HPV type, suggesting risk factors for HPV infection may change as the proportion of vaccinated men increases. In addition, participant report of concurrency and not knowing whether one had practiced concurrency were consistent risk factors; clinicians should consider including concurrency in the sexual history to determine the risk of HPV.