Since 2007 the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project, under the direction of Aaron A. Burke and Martin Peilstöcker, has endeavored to bring to light the vast archaeological and historical record of the site of Jaffa, Israel. Continuing the effort begun with The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1, this volume represents a decade of fieldwork and analysis by the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project and the publication of several projects begun earlier. It consists of a collection of independent studies and final reports on smaller excavations that do not require individual book-length treatments. The volume’s content is arranged around overviews of archaeological research in Jaffa (Part I), historical and archaeological studies of Medieval and Ottoman Jaffa (Part II), reports on excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority at both the Postal Compound between 2009 and 2011 (Part III) and at the Armenian Compound in 2006 and 2007 (Part IV), as well as discrete studies of the excavations of Jacob Kaplan and Haya Ritter-Kaplan in Jaffa on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums from 1955 to 1974 (Part V).

Series: Monumenta Archaeologica 41

Outline of the Presentation

* Introduction and objectives

* Approaches

o USABC

o IEC

o UC Davis

* IEC Committee on testing EDLCs

o Proposed procedures

o Application of procedures and test data

* UC Davis test procedures and data

* Determination of resistance

o Theoretical basis

o Methods

* Summary and modifications to test procedures

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2.

Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Proceedings of the 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 27 - August 1, 1997

A spreadsheet model for the analysis of batteries of various types has been developed that permits the calculation of the size and performance characteristics of the battery based on its internal geometry and electrode/electrolyte material properties. The method accounts for most of the electrochemical mechanisms in both the anode and cathode without solving the governing partial differential equations. The spreadsheet calculations for a particular battery design are performed much like a battery test in that the C/3 capacity of the battery to a specified cut-off voltage is determined and then the pulse power capability at a given state-of-charge is determined by finding the maximum current density (A/cm2) for which the cell voltage equals a specified minimum value. For a multi-cell module, the module characteristics are calculated using the cell results and packaging input information. The spreadsheet model has been validated for existing lead-acid (Sonnenschein), nickel cadmium (Saft), and nickel metal hydride (Ovonic) batteries for which test data and internal geometry information are available. Various battery designs were then evaluated using the method to show how batteries having high power densities (greater than 500 W/kg) could be designed. The spreadsheet model permitted the determination of the critical design parameters for high power lead-acid, nickel cadmium, and nickel metal hydride batteries.

In January 2001, the California Air Resources Board adopted significant modifications to the ZEV Mandate. These changes affect the options available to large auto companies marketing cars in California that must meet the requirements of the Mandate starting in 2003. In the new regulations, up to 50% (2% of sales) of the ZEV requirement (4% of sales) may be met with grid-connected, plug-in hybrid vehicles having a 20-mile or longer all-electric range. In addition, city EVs that may or may not be freeway worthy are designated for full ZEV credit and can be used to meet the 4% ZEV requirement. In the case of both types of vehicles, there is much less information available concerning their design, cost, and marketing than for full function electric vehicles (FFEVs) – which have in the past been the focus of meeting the ZEV Mandate. This two-day workshop will consider in-depth how the inclusion of the grid connected hybrids and city EVs in the Mandate may affect how it will be met in 2003-2006. In addition, each of the new technology options will be reviewed in terms of vehicle design, utility, cost, and marketing.